Me nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa corrosion, ke kūpaʻa abrasion a me ka insulation, hiki i ka ceramic ke hana i nā ʻano mea hana semiconductor me ke ʻano o ka wela kiʻekiʻe, vacuum a corrosive kinoea no ka manawa lōʻihi.